Environmental Issues Of Human Rights Violations - 947 Words

At both the international and domestic levels, defining the environmental issues as human rights violations in legal terms is a complex task. However, in the last decade, petitions and suit cases against climate change issue were gradually filed. In 2006, the first suit case against the Environmental Protection Agency was reached to the U.S Supreme Court (Aminzade, 2006). A petition claimed that climate change through emissions and air pollutants caused harm to public health and welfare. This case grabbed the attention of multiple environmental agencies; it also gained support from political and human rights activists figures (Aminzade, 2006). Another petition in 2004 by Inuit claimed that the U.S climate change policy violated the human rights to life, the right to health, and movement (Goldberg Wagner, 2004). The Inuit petition describes how climate change is affecting the Arctic environment on which the Inuit depend. It argued that climate change violates the Inuit rights, includ ing the right to life, health, and property. Based on the petition, the Inuit’s right to life is violated because critical food resources are threatened by climate change, and unpredicted weather events can cause loss of life (Knox, 2009). The Inuit community also argued that climate change interferes with their right to health by damaging fish on which they depend on for nutrients, and by diminishing the quality of their drinking water and increasing the spread of diseases (Knox, 2009).Show MoreRelatedHuman Rights Violation in Burma Essay932 Words   |  4 PagesGiven the level of corruption and the human right violation that is ongoing in Burma today, no wonder that there are concerns about the backfire of the FDI. 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Though there is not a direct addressing of anti-corruption practices within the adidasRead More** Due Saturday. Upload By Noon If Finished Them.. Maya1645 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: What is the relationship between how a public health issue is framed and how efficiently a Multinational Corporation can be held accountable? Using the case studies of the Tobacco Industry and the case specific Fossil Fuel Industry, ExxonMobil, I intend to research the impacts of the impact framing an issue framed has on the effectiveness of holding an industry accountable for their violations. To determine how the issue was framed in the eyes of society, I will try to establish the variousRead MoreGlobalization Has Its Good And Bad Sides1307 Words   |  6 Pagesthe adverse impact on human rights. 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Social Science Beliefs and Organizational Forms

Question: Discuss about theSocial Science for Beliefs and Organizational Forms. Answer: Introduction Currently, religion has its own importance for the people of society. Religion is related to the beliefs and faiths of the people. Along with this, religion plays a significant role in order to fulfill the basic requirements of the life of people. Religion is something that performs numerous basic functions within human societies. Moreover, sociology of religion refers as the study of the practices, beliefs, and organizational forms of religion that uses different tools as well as methods of the discipline of sociology. In addition, religion presents an explanation for the events and actions that look like difficult to comprehend by the people of society. On the other hand, religion is also related to the social conflict. It may create conflicts among the people or group of society. This research essay is helpful to discuss the functions of religion in society. Moreover, sociological theories will also be used to discuss the functions of religion in society in an effective and an app ropriate way. Apart from this, this research essay also describes that how religion is related to social conflict. The Function of Religion in Society According to sociological theories, there are a lot of functions that are related to the religion in society. For case, as per the Durkheims theory of religion, the major faction of religion is that the religion protects and solidifies society. It is because of religion provides support to the social unity of a group (Durkheim, 2012). Along with this, Durkheim believes that religion provides social cohesion in order to maintain social unity all the way through shared rituals as well as beliefs. Religion also offers social control to impose religious-based morals as well as norms in order to maintain traditionalism and control in society, and it also proposes meaning purpose to give answer of any existential queries of the people. On the other hand, according to the Durkheims theory of religion, it functions as the creator of a moral community for the people of the society. For case, in order to create a moral society or community, religion provides a system of beliefs; so people may have their personal beliefs as well as rituals in the society. Along with this, Durkheim states that people of a moral community share a common life; and the moral community provides general aspects of social life to the people (Johnstone, 2015). What is more, according to the Durkheim, religion legitimizes to the society. It is because of the religion presents sacred sanctions for the social values as well as significances of the society. In the same manner, according to the Durkheims theory of religion, religion does not only involve belief, but also considers rituals as well as ceremonies as the part of the belief of the people. The main reason behind it is that, Durkheim believes that rituals are essential to join the members of a religious group together. Along with this, sacred rituals as well as ceremonies are mainly important in order to mark occasions such as: marriages, births, deaths, times of crisis, and so forth. Furthermore, Durkheim's theory of religion illustrates that how functionalists look at sociological phenomena. Durkheim said that people see religion as the contributor of the health and prolongation of society (Dameri, Garelli Resta, 2015). As a consequence, religion functions to tie members of the society. Religion also prompts them to assert their common values as well as beliefs on a regular basis. In addition to this, according to the Max Webers theory of religion, religion functions to elucidate, justify or downsize the exercise of power. Max Weber expresses that religion plays a major role to reinforce the interests of people in power. According to Weber, religion plays a significant role in order to legitimate the existing social structure of the society. Along with this, the values of religion strengthen other social institutions as well as the social order as a whole and as an outcome it carries on social disparity in society (Andersen Taylor, 2007). Apart from this, Max Weber stated that religion works as an agent of social change. As religion provides support to the status quo of the people, same as it encourages great changes in the society. Religion permits people to transcend social forces; so they can act in their own ways instead of follow the prescribed social orders. On the other hand, religion works as the emotional support for the people of society. It is a sense of relieve and comfort to the individuals for the duration of personal with social crises for example death of loved ones, serious injury, and so on. Along with this, religion is especially true at what time something happens senseless or superfluous. Religion provides emotional support solace, and reconciliation moral strength at some point in trials defeats, personal losses, and unfair treatments. Moreover, religion provides effective ways by which people can face the emergencies as well as vicissitudes of life with potency and strength (Allan, 2010). In addition to this, religion offers support to broken peoples by providing them hope that they can get rescue and eternal pleasure in the spirit world. Apart from this, according to B. Turners theory of religion, religion functions to control the sexuality of the body in order to defend the regular transmission of belongings by the family. B. Turner stated that, in feudalism and capitalism, sacred control of sexuality is a significant medium for the creation of genuine progeny. Furthermore, the sociologist Bryan Wilson said that, religion functions as a means of de-politicization. The main reason behind it is that, religion keeps group away from perceiving their lives as well as societal conditions in political terms (Marx Engels, 2012). In addition to this, the sociologist Thomas Luckman believes that the major function of religion is to provide personal meaning and identity to the life of people. In addition to this, some socialists believe that, religion provides recreation mental peace, promotes welfare, social virtues solidarity, and also strengthens self-confidence of people. In this way, it can be said that, there are a lot of functions that religion carries out in society. These functions provide support to the people; so they may follow their rituals, faiths, and values in an effective and an appropriate manner (Dameri, Garelli Resta, 2015). Nowadays, religion is also becoming modern and people are also changing their rituals, faiths, and values in view of that. But, the socialists believe that the traditional religion must be continuous. The main reason behind it is that the traditional religion will be helpful to protect social cohesion as well as order in an effective and a proper manner. On the other hand, it should also be noted down that, religion is related to social conflict. In other words, it also can be said that, religion plays a major role to create social conflict in society. The social conflict happens at what time a specific religion is acknowledged by a general public but also discarded by specific gatherings of the same society. At the end of the day, it also can be said that, a social conflict happens because of the assessment contrasts of the general population. These distinctions are the consequences of long-held convictions and word sees that are acknowledged by the general population of a specific culture (Laszlo Wilbur, 2014). In addition to this, a social conflict of religion can't be determined by the truths in view of these social conflicts are conviction based and not certainty based. Along with this, a social conflict is expanding inside the general public on the customary premise. For case, the religious contrasts in convictions, beliefs, a nd estimations of two unmistakable gatherings assume a huge part to make social conflicts in the society. In addition to this, social conflict that happens because of the religion also makes interpersonal and intergroup struggle at various levels of society. For instance, the distinctions on marriage traditions make social clashes between the youthful eras and the senior citizens. Both youthful and older folks don't acknowledge same marriage traditions. The older folks need to take after conventional marriage traditions. Be that as it may, youthful eras need to take after present day marriage traditions (Cropper, Jackson Keys, 2012). In this way, the opinion and religious contrasts make social conflict between the two noteworthy gatherings of the society. On the other hand, the social conflict that happens because of the religion is unsafe for the general public. Be that as it may, individuals are not prepared to acknowledge this reality. It is a direct result of individuals is hesitant to arrange or trade off the religions and convictions that they are gaining from their youth. The qualities and convictions have gotten to be real piece of sane of the general population. Apart from this, individuals for the most part accentuation on their own, good, and religious qualities furthermore unwilling to trade off their convictions or beliefs just for the society (Callahan Jennings, 2012). Also, religion holds convictions of the general population and these convictions depend on social conventions, family and religious lessons and individual encounters of individuals. As a result, religion is playing a major role to create social conflict in society. Apart from this, the other truth is that the social conflict is extremely hard to handle. The society faces a great deal of issues to manage social conflict that depends on the religion. The main reason for it is that religions, faiths, and convictions of individuals are identified with the sentiments and feelings of the general population. In this circumstance, if the society endeavors to determine a social conflict then it will hurt feelings emotions of the general population of that society. In addition, it is also clear that, no one will be prepared to bargain their qualities and convictions just for the others. The endeavors of the society may make significant contrasts among the general population (Brewer, 2013). Consequently, social conflict has turned into a difficult issue to the general public. One gathering continues as per its religion, values and standards while the other gathering holds its acts as per its religion, values and standards. This circumstance has been dire cted to conflict within society. On the other hand, the sociologist, Karl Marx also stated that religion is the opium of the community. Religion teaches to people only to follow their beliefs and rituals. It does not matter that these beliefs and rituals are good or bad for the welfare of the people. Religion takes the people away from the society in which they survive. Religion plays a major role to change the beliefs, morals, rituals, ceremonies, and values of people. All the people believe that their religion is the best in comparison to others (Marx Engels, 2012). In this way, it is clear that, religion is connected to social conflict. Religion plays a major role to make social conflicts among the different groups of the society. Conclusion On the premise of the above discussion, it can be assumed that, religion performs a lot of functions for the welfare of the society. On the other hand, it is also observed that, there are numerous sociologists as well as sociological theories those describe the major functions of religion in society. For case, Durkheim, Max Weber, B. Turner, Thomas Luckman, Bryan Wilson, etc. are the most important sociologists those developed sociological theories to represent the function of religion in society in an effective and a more comprehensive manner. Apart from this, it is also scrutinized that, religion also plays a critical role in order to create social conflict among the people of a society. The main reason behind it is that people of different religions have different beliefs, rituals, and faiths. They do not follow same beliefs, rituals, and so on. The different faiths and beliefs of the people of diverse religions play a major role to generate social conflict in society. In this way , it is suggested that, the government of a nation take appropriate actions to solve these social conflicts for the wellness of the society. References Allan, K. (2010). Explorations in Classical Sociological Theory: Seeing the Social World. Pine Australia: Forge Press. Andersen, M.L. Taylor, H.F. (2007). Sociology: Understanding a Diverse Society, Updated. USA: Cengage Learning. Brewer, J.D. (2013).The Public Value of the Social Sciences: An Interpretive Essay. USA: AC Black. Callahan, S., Jennings, B. (2012). Ethics, The Social Sciences, and Policy Analysis. USA: Springer Science Business Media. Cropper, S.A., Jackson, M., Keys,P. (2012). Operational Research and the Social Sciences. USA: Springer Science Business Media. Dameri, R.P., Garelli, R., Resta, M. (2015). ECIE2015-10th European Conference on Innovation and Entrepreneurship: ECIE 2015. Australia: Academic Conferences and publishing limited. Durkheim, E. (2012). The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life. Australia: Courier Corporation. Johnstone, R.L. (2015). Religion in Society: A Sociology of Religion. NY: Routledge. Laszlo, E., Wilbur, J.B. (2014). Value Theory in Philosophy and Social Science (RLE Social Theory). NY: Routledge. Marx, K., Engels, F. (2012). On Religion. Australia: Courier Corporation.

Latest Trends free essay sample

Information Technology (IT) is enriched with opportunities and has become one of the most well known industries for never ending change. For anyone working with or involved in IT today the pace at which technology changes is frighteningly fast. A technology that is leveraged today could be completely outdated in only a few years. The ability to quickly learn and adapt to these new technologies will provide both individuals and companies with the ability to succeed. Failure to maintain the pace of new technology as it evolves will simply provide an opening for other competitor to embrace this new technology before you. Information Technology Virtualization One of the newest trends in IT is the use of virtualization. Before the advent of virtualization companies would spend considerable amounts of money on individual servers with which they used to both store information and run their applications. Each of these servers came at what might appear to be a relatively affordable upfront cost but the ongoing cost of maintaining those servers including power and people to manage and repair them resulted in a significant cost for all companies. We will write a custom essay sample on Latest Trends or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A better way to manage these servers was developed with the ability to take a single server and virtualized it into a number of logical servers each appearing to the user as a single computer. This eliminated the need for individual servers for every project in the organization and provided a method by which one server could meet the needs of many different groups within the organization (Search CIO. com. , n. d. ). The beauty of this approach is that to the technology teams these servers appear as a server dedicated only to them. Because servers aren’t used at 100% utilization at all times the ability to virtualize saves cost and provides ample computing power as needed. These machines can also be expanded and additional memory or storage space allocated for particular clients on that machine that need those resources. The disadvantage to this technology is that there are typically significant startup costs and the organization is dependent upon an outside firm to maintain their presence in the virtual world. Information Technology Outsourcing Another trend in IT is the actual outsourcing of IT services to other organizations. If a company produces a product they may be very good at producing that product but they may not be good at managing an IT infrastructure including servers, hardware and the people necessary to ensure the components all work well together as a strategic advantage for the organization. Because of this many companies have begun to outsource things such as mail servers, application and file servers as well as storage to other organizations that specialize in those particular applications as a way to eliminate or minimize the need for a dedicated IT staff within the organization. If a company can reduce the number of IT staff members and get the same product from an outsourced organization for a significantly lower price than the organization wins as a whole as the company providing the service can do it in a manner that is much more efficient than trying to hire and maintain IT staff. This is known as ITaaS or Information Technology as a Service which is a growing trend used by many organizations especially those that are smaller in size. The drawback to ITaaS is that in many cases the IT organization provides a competitive advantage that is lost when everyone uses the same IT infrastructure. If competitors A B both outsource to the same company then there is little competitive advantage that can be gained. Cloud Technology Finally, the one trend that has completely changed everything about IT and the role it plays to consumers, companies and IT organizations is the cloud. While in the past the focus was on providing individuals with the ability to store their information on ever form of storage possible, such as local computers. There is now a huge demand to take that information and store it somewhere where it is accessible at any time, any place and at a very low cost. This provides the ability for IT organizations to be everywhere at once. No longer does someone who wants to store a document need to store it or transfer it between devices. They can simply save a copy of the document in the cloud and it will be available on any of their devices at any time and the copy is a single copy that doesn’t need to be updated on any other device. Cloud technology may appear to simply move data off servers within an organization to an outside supplier or data center. This is true but in the case of the cloud that information doesn’t necessarily have to be stored for every single occurrence. A great example is something like a song Apple would sell on iTunes. If a million people want to buy a new song and have it available in the cloud Apple doesn’t have to store a million copies like would be in the traditional case. In this particular example they simply store a single copy of that song and then share it with millions of users. The beauty for the customer is that the song is available everywhere, the company gains the advantage of making the song easily accessible and provides a single storage method that reduces the cost for both the company and the end consumer allowing companies to become more profitable. Virtually every organization now supports some of their applications in the cloud as a way to remove the need to store and maintain information locally or in a single physical location. Replication and backup of information stored in the cloud is also a significant advantage as backups can be safely maintained (Balisterieri, T. , n. d. ). For organizations they now too have the ability to rely on other companies to basically house their storage infrastructure in a manner that is available to them at any time and at a much lower cost than they would have if the information was maintained locally. Downsides to the cloud are minimal as currently companies and consumers all want their information available everywhere. The primary concern is around securing the cloud as information is available somewhere other than within the physical confines of the corporate data center. Integrating Cloud Technology Implementing cloud technology within the organization can be accomplished in a number of ways. The first step for most companies is to move email management to a company such as Google to manage email. This eliminates the need for servers to maintain this information as well as the staff necessary to ensure accounts are maintained. The cost of providing email service would in most cases be substantially less than attempting to maintain the infrastructure locally (Balisterieri, T. , n. d. ). In addition to email services comes the need for a form of a document management system. In many cases companies need a way to securely store their proprietary information in a manner that provides access from anywhere but securely. Moving to a product like SharePoint can allow the organization to migrate all of their document storage needs to a cloud based server with integrated security. Finally, the company can work to start moving applications from within their application servers to servers housed at Amazon or other online providers such that again the need for local IT resources is reduced while partnering with a cloud company that can maintain the infrastructure necessary to provide the services needed for the organization. Conclusion The society we live in is an information society, flooded with technology that focuses on communication. Technology uses devices such as the telephone, satellite communication, radio, cellular technology, wireless internet, etc. as a way to connect people not matter where you are located. The emergence of new technology will continue to replace old technology as new innovative ideas continue to shape our world. The key for organizations today is to quickly embrace these new technologies to prepare for future innovations and be competitive in ever changing market.

20 Anthropology Essay Topics What to Include in an Essay on Dorset Culture

20 Anthropology Essay Topics What to Include in an Essay on Dorset Culture If it is mentioned in your syllabus this semester, chances are, your teacher will ask you to write an essay on Dorset Culture. Unfortunately, as intriguing as this civilization may be, the pressure of writing an essay and submitting it on time is bound to get to you. In some cases, it can bring on a mental block, preventing you from even coming up with a good topic for your essay. Luckily, you do not have to worry about this issue any longer as the following lines offer great topics you can choose to write on. The following are interesting topics that you can use as they are or to come up with your own. However, these are quite broad, so you need to narrow them down to ensure that your essay is well organized. The Rise and Fall of the Dorset Culture Between 500 BCE–1500 CE The Arrival of the Thule and its Ramifications on the Dorset Civilization A Study of the Cape Dorset Culture that Existed Before the Thule The Discovery of the Dorset Civilization Interactions Between the Norse Vikings and Dorset Culture in Canadian Eastern Arctic The First Encounters between the Skraeling People and the European Settlers The Cultural Systems of the Dorset People The Domestic Architecture of the Dorset Civilization The Spiritual and Supernatural Beliefs of the Dorset Civilization A Comparison Between the Dorset Civilization and the Paleo-Eskimos The Hunting Practices the Dorset Civilization Embraced for Survival How the Dorset Civilization Co-existed with the Thule Civilization The Unclear Connection Between the Sadlermiut and the Dorset Culture Innovations Credited to the Dorset Civilization The Art of Creating Weapons and Hunting Knife Blade from Lithic Material in Dorset Tradition How the Dorset Culture Survived the Conditions of their Habitat Over the Years The Settlement Patterns of the Dorset Civilization in North America The Artistic Creations of the Dorset Tradition and the Discovery of the Art of Carving The Extinction of the Dorset Civilization New Findings on the Dorset Culture Based on DNA Studies Once you pick a topic, remember to abide by the format your instructors requirements you are obligated to follow. There are also 23 facts on Dorset culture and complete guidelines on how to write an anthropology essay on the subject. If you still feel that you cannot write an essay just yet, here is a sample that can spark your own creativity and help you determine the direction your essay will take. Sample Anthropology Essay on Artistic Creations of the Dorset Tradition and the Discovery of the Art of Carving The natural preservation of the Dorset sites has led the anthropologists to discover organic materials like bone, antlers, ivory and wood. These organic materials were used to create many of the beautiful artifacts that have survived through the years and are currently stored in museums to shed more light on this civilization. The Dorset people were extremely talented when it came to making beautiful artifacts via knapping, grooving and chafing different raw materials. It is this talent that differentiated them from the Thule civilization which had ample experience in warfare and weapon making. On the other hand, the Dorset Tradition had peaceful aspirations, a fact reflected in their craftsmanship. As they were a closed community that hardly interacted with other civilizations, much of their art has been inspired by members of their own community and elements of nature. At times, Dorset artists combined human and animal figures to create interesting motifs. Many of the artefacts discovered over the years did not have practical applications. Archeologists are still unaware of whether these pieces were merely used for decoration or for religious purposes. However, the Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development in Ottawa believe that this prehistoric arctic art was implemented to ward off bad luck and evil spirits or assist in shamanic rituals. This would explain the masks and face clusters uncovered in archeological sites. Further examination of the artefacts left behind by the Dorset culture revealed that no two artefacts are alike. This is because the techniques and styles used in creating them vary by the backgrounds of the artists themselves. This comes as no surprise considering how members of this civilization were spread across the arctic. Moreover, men alone were not limited to creating these artefacts. Women, both young and elderly would unleash their creativity, depicting subjects they were passionate about in soapstone, stone, bone, whalebone and ivory. Like other indigenous cultures that were known to spend their time creating tools that would assist them in hunting or defending their villages, the Dorset Tradition also took the time to create weapons and tools from the same raw materials they used for their sculptures. Other artifacts discovered from the Dorset digging sites include various interesting tools such as the triangular points with concave bases and burin-like tools. In addition to axe-like wood carving cutting tools, scrapers of different kinds were also dug from the sites, such as end-scrapers and semi-circular side scrapers. The Dorset people also exhibited great talent while making knives and sharp pointed tools. Furthermore, they also made tanged microblades, schist blades, harpoon heads, arrowheads, snow knives, sled runners, and snow crampons. There is no end to the creativity of the Dorset culture, especially with so many elements in the surroundings to continuously inspire the people. However, preserving whatever remained behind is important as these artistic pieces have the power to inspire today’s artists as well. References: Michael Fortescue, Steven Jacobson Lawrence Kaplan (1994): Comparative Eskimo Dictionary; with Aleut Cognates (Alaska Native Language Center Research Paper 9) Robert McGhee (2005): The Last Imaginary Place: A Human History of the Arctic World Robert McGhee (2001): Ancient People of the Arctic Plummet Patrick, Lebel Serge (1997). Dorset Tip Fluting: A Second American Invention. Arctic Anthropology 34 (2): 132–162. Renouf M.A.P. (1999). Prehistory of Newfoundland Hunter-Gatherers: Extinctions or Adaptations?. World Archaeology 30 (3): 403–420 Bonvillain, Nancy. The Inuit. Chelsea House Publishers, 1995 britannica.com/topic/Dorset-culture Avataq Cultural Institute, 2015, Arctic Chronology, source: avataq.qc.ca/en/Institute/Departments/Archaeology/Discovering-Archaeology/Arctic-Chronology

OSHA Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

OSHA - Research Paper Example OSHA input in the working sector has seen the U.S employment doubled to over 130 million employees within the 7.2 or more worksites. The rate of recorded serious workplace illnesses and injuries has significantly dropped from10 per 100 employees in 1972 to about 3.5 per 100 employees in 2010. OSHA has a set of standards which cover the following cases: fall protection, asbestos, cotton dust, trenching, benzene, machine guarding, lead and blood borne pathogens. However, U.S still experiences many preventable fatalities and injuries linked to numerous hazards and unsafe condition that continue to exist within work places. This works serves to detail on OSHA fines, stricture and organization. Any individual operating in a construction or manufacturing industry should certainly be aware of Occupational Safety & Health Administration, or simply OSHA. OSHA exists to ensure safe working conditions as well as inform both the employer and employees, through citations, of the various regulations and standards that have supposedly been violated. It goes further to propose time limits for parties involved to correct the supposed hazards or, otherwise, they face the concomitant fines and penalties. Discussed below are some of the citations, penalties that they attract, and a case of Philadelphia building collapse where OSHA proposed some heavy fines to the responsible contractor (Hunter 12). In the event an OSHA officer discovers a violation that has a one to one linkage to job safety and health, but perhaps would not result to death or life-threatening physical harm, the maximum fine for this violation is $7000. Secondly, if the violation is significant to the extent that it may result to death or severe physical harm, and that the employer was aware of the violation, or should have been aware of the danger, the maximum proposed fine stands similar to the previous one at $7000. However, unlike the previous violation,

Bolder Family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Bolder Family - Essay Example Motive should be to focus on the changes in the structure and functioning of the family so that family remains together and with a strong bonding. Abusing parents are responsible for the inappropriate sexual behavior. Therefore, necessity of therapy arises encompassing a programmatic component that addresses the restructuring of the family system. It is based on the wishes of the family, the desires of the child victim and the view of the therapist for treatability of the family reducing traumas and a better chance for change when all are involved with the therapy. In the present case, when evaluation was made pertaining to the factors contributing to the family's vulnerability to incest, precipitating events or situations typically precede an abusive episode and lack of coping mechanism. The family needs an intense therapy. For the situation presented in the study, biggest intervention would be to begin the session with apology. This is a therapeutic ritual which involves many weeks of planning and preparation on the part of the family and which has proven to have a profound impact on the course of the therapy. In the present situation, mother (Linda) was sexually abused by her father during her teens. This may explain her incest alluded to during this session. This has probably paved the way to develop distrust and hatered in her sex- life. She requires an Individual therapy along with the Couple therapy to overcome her fear and to develop trust and faith in her spouse (Mark). It is this trust that will help her overcome her bad memories of childhood and the paranoid behavior towards her daughter (Ashley). It is imperative for her to treat her daughter as a friend to be close to her and to share her feelings. She can emerge as a sensible guide for her and can protect her from the forthcoming events in future. It is not clear in the study who has taken the pictures the girl's father or her boyfriend There are a number of elements providing a multi-generational view in understanding problems. The notion that the problem (sexual abuse/ taking nude pictures of daughter) is symptomatic of a dysfunctional family. It is the portray of a psychologically disturbed nuclear family because every member of the family contributes to the development and maintenance of the problem and the belief that the problem (symptom) may not in itself have significance but rather have a meaning within the family which is not readily apparent in the behavior e.g. sexual abuse of daughter as a tension-reduction mechanism or as a means of displacing feelings of isolation when the legal- sexual partner (wife) is not supportive. Allegations of sexual abuse cannot be made on Mark as there is no evidence that he has abused her daughter. Therapy is imperative for both Linda and Mark. For Linda, a cognitive developmental perspective is essential (woman, sexually abused as child and whose daughter is also sexually abused). It discusses ways in which the development of cognitive self-understanding can by stymied by childhood sexual abuse and how this, in turn, can affect a woman's ability to parent her children. Linda must take full advantage of psychotherapy along with the couple therapy, sexual therapy, family therapy and individual therapy at the age of 43 when physiological changes in female's body start appearing. It is the responsibility of Mark to learn from his parents by seeing them as an ideal for deep family bonding and share

Coco Chanel Essay Example for Free

Coco Chanel Essay Coco Chanel Coco Chanel was one of the most prominent fashion designers of the 20th century. Her contribution in the development of fashion can hardly be underestimated. In fact, she revolutionized fashion in a way, since she was one of the first fashion designers who made women think of themselves first rather than think how they look for their men, which was a traditional view on female fashion at the epoch. In actuality, the significance and her great contribution in the development of fashion as well as 20th century culture at large was marked by her contemporaries as well as modern specialists. For instance, she was the only person in the field of fashion design to be named on TME Magazine’s 100 Most Influential People of the 20th Century (Charles-Roux, 145). In such a way, she gained a public approval and popularity which made her name one of the most recognizable in the fashion world. At the same time, her life was quite difficult, especially during her early years and war time periods. In fact, she witnessed two world wars but she kept working regardless of all the problems and challenges she faced in her life. In fact, her work was her true passion she remained devoted to from her early life until the end. Gabrielle Bonheur â€Å"Coco† Chanel was born on August 19, 1883. She was a second daughter of travelling salesman Albert Chanel and Jeanne Devolle in a small city of Saumur, France (Orecklin, 49). In fact, her family was poor and she was raised in poverty stricken neighborhood along with her five siblings. Remarkably, when she got her birth certificate her name misspelled â€Å"Chasnel† because nobody knew how to spell Chanel correctly. As a result, the mayor of the city had to improvise and added the letter â€Å"S† in her name, which later became a serious problem for her biographers, who could not trace her origin and define genealogical tree because of such an error in her name (Orecklin, 51). However, the misspelling of her name was definitely not the biggest misfortune that happened to her in her early life. She lived in poverty and was practically of an opportunity to get a good education. Moreover, when she was twelve, her mother died of tuberculosis that provoked a serious psychological trauma for the child. At the same time, her father could not stay with the children all the time. He had to work to earn for living and to maintain the family, in which he was the only breadwinner. This is why Coco Chanel was sent to the orphanage of the Catholic monastery of Aubazine, where she spent seven years and where she received her basic education. In fact, it is in the monastery she learned the trade of seamstress. However, she did not spend all the time in the monastery. During the vacations she went to her relatives in a provincial city, where her female relatives taught her to sew with more flourish than the nuns in the monastery were able to demonstrate. In such a way, her interest, her passion to design had started to develop since her childhood as she learned to sew and gradually she became very skilful in this field. At this point, it should be said that she was apparently a gifted person since she managed to develop her skills and abilities to the extent that she became able not only to create traditional wear, but she proved to be able to experiment and find new, original solutions, which were unusual for her time (Dwight, 119). However, at the early started to demonstrate her talent, which though was immature at the epoch. Nevertheless, her professional knowledge, to a significant extent, defined her further life, as her first job was the work at a local tailor, where she was employed at the age of eighteen as she left the orphanage. In fact, it was her first step in her professional career insignificant it seems to be, but still it was very important in regard to her future professional career since she could have hardly find a different work. Moreover, it was the only work where she could realize her full potential and implement her creative ideas while developing new wear. At the same time, it should be said that she could not afford working at a tailor for a long time because she needed to realize her ideas and she wanted to create clothes of her own. However, she could hardly start her own business, if she had failed to meet Etienne Balsan at the tailor’s shop where Coco Chanel worked. In fact, it was an occasional encounter which though outgrew into a love affair which opened Chanel the way to a new, different and better life. Etienne Balsan was rich and quite influential. It is during her life with Balsan, Coco Chanel started to design hats. At first, it was just a hobby which gradually transformed into a true passion for designing new clothe items, especially hats, where she grew more and more skillful. Her early works were characterized by high originality since they were quite different from traditional hats. At the same time, the high quality of her products attracted a lot of customers, while her acquaintance with Balsan allowed her to engage customers representing the upper-class of the French society (Charles-Roux, 210). Nevertheless, her love affair with Balsan failed to evolve into a true love. At any rate, their relationships did not last for a long period of time and Coco Chanel left Balsan, moved to Paris and took over his apartment in the French capital. In 1913, she opened her first shop, where she sold fashionable raincoats and jackets. Remarkably, the originality and quality of her wear contributed to the huge success of her shop which allowed her to maintain relatively high standards of life and she became very popular in Paris, which, at the epoch, was one of the world’s centers of the fashion industry. However, the development of her business in Paris was overshadowed by the outbreak of World War I, which started in 1914 and affected the life of the entire country dramatically (Charles-Roux, 219). Nevertheless, Coco Chanel had never stopped working and continued designing new products which still remained popular and the demand for her wear was traditionally high. But she had to stop her business in Paris because she was deprived of all her properties. Nevertheless, Coco Chanel was not discouraged and carried on her professional work and designing became an essential part of her life. On the other hand, she could live with her ideas only. She needed money to earn to maintain living. In this regard, the assistance of Balsan’s friend, Arthur â€Å"Boy† Capel proved to be very helpful for Coco Chanel. Their friendship evolved into a love affair which made them very close and Capel helped Coco Chanel to open a new shop in Brittany, France, which, similarly to the shop in Paris, became very popular among local customers (Weber, 35). It is worth mentioning the fact that celebrated French actresses buy wear in Chanels’ shop which was very important for the promotional campaign of her shop. In fact, the interest of celebrities to her shop contributed to the growing popularity of her products and her design in France that contributed to her professional recognition, while the popularity allowed her to expand her business steadily. Due to her popularity, she managed to introduce new women’s sportswear at her new boutique in Deauville. In such a way, she could expand her business, but, what was even more important, Coco Chanel changed the philosophy of women’s wear. To put it more precisely, her new design and new wear made women confident of the fact that they were supposed to dress for themselves but not for their men. In fact, it was a revolutionary philosophy for France as well as the entire world at the epoch of World War I, when the ominance of men was unchallengeable, while the development of feminism was still insignificant (Charles-Roux, 248). Nevertheless, the design and new philosophy of Chanel produced a significant impact on the development of fashion and the 20th century culture at large. Remarkably, as Coco Chanel grew more and more popular she attempted to change some facts from her past. For instance, she pretended to be born in 1893, instead of 1883, while she insisted that she lo st her mother at the age of six, instead of twelve. In such a way, she created a kind of tragic image of an orphan girl, who managed to achieve a tremendous success due her talent and hard work. At the same time, such manipulations with her past evoked numerous controversies which were insurmountable for her biographers. This is why some details of her biography are still quite controversial and unclear. The 1920s were the epoch of the fast progress of Coco Chanel as a designer and her business developed successfully. Her design was really unique and her wear was very popular in France as well as in other countries. In this respect, it is worth mentioning the fact that her acquaintance with Vera Bate Lombardi, a daughter of Adolphus Cambridge, 1st Marquess of Cambridge and Duke of Teck, became of a paramount importance for Chanel’s empire. In fact, Vera Lombardi became Chanel’s muse and public relations liaison to a number of European royal families, including the British royal family. Her acquaintance with representatives of royal families and upper-classes contributed to her empire growth in power. As a result, before World War II, Chanel’s was one of the most influential designers in Europe as well as the world, because Europe, especially Paris, where Coco Chanel resided in the Hotel Ritz Paris, was the heart of the world’s fashion design (Barringer, 28). However, World War II forced Coco Chanel to stop her work and business. Nevertheless, she remained in Paris even during the German occupation. This period in her life was probably the most controversial because, after the war, she was repeatedly accused of collaborationism. For instance, she was suspected of having a love affair with a German officer and Nazi soy Hans Gunther von Dinklage. Moreover, she was even arrested after the war but she escaped the t rial after the interference of the British royal family, but she was forced to move to Switzerland where she lived until 1954. In 1954, she returned to Paris where she renewed her work and her business, but her new collection did not have much success with the Parisians and French because they believe Chanel to be a collaborationist, which produced a negative impact on her public image. Nevertheless, in spite of the failure in France, Chanel had open a new market, the USA, where her wear became extremely popular and the USA became her main market in the post-World War II period. On the other hand, even though the USA was the main market for Chanel’s Empire, Coco Chanel, herself, had never left Paris and stayed in this city until her death on 10 January 1971. She died at the age of 88 in her private suit in the Ritz Hotel Paris and she was buried in Lausanne, Switzerland (Charles-Roux, 341). Thus, taking into account all above mentioned, it is possible to conclude that Coco Chanel was a very influential fashion designer. She had changed the traditional view on women’s wear and she had changed the women’s philosophy in regard to the wear. She was one of the first designers who made women think of themselves above all, instead of thinking of their men when they choose the clothes. At the same time, her personality is still quite controversial because, in spite of a huge popularity before World War II, she failed to regain the popularity in France after the war.